The model looks like somewhere between bicycle and a scooter. Not as powerful as motorbikes but great for city roads where you can’t drive with higher speeds anyway. Its so silent that its sometimes risky. It requires no maintenance at all. Just charge the battery when required. It has also got room for an extra battery for backup. The ride is also smooth and not jerky like petrol bikes. Surprisingly, it has remote control lock and alarm system.

It has taken quite a long time for efficient and powerful batteries to come to market. Partly because of the vested interests of oil companies, governments and some other evil elements. But finally, the time has come where all vehicles will run on electricity.

I am watching this space closely as I also plan to buy my first electric car. It will be at least 2012 when affordable and powerful electric cars will come to market.

Tesla is coming big way in USA, Reva is to bring new models. Nissan’s Leaf will be fantastic. Its going to be crazy.

Its funny that I was never interested in cars or motorbikes. But the technological developments in this domain make me interested to watch how this space is going to evolve. Just like last 3-4 years were highly exciting in Mobile space, the next exciting space is going to be electric vehicles. There is gonna be a lot of food for my geek mind.

Apple’s got a lot of philosophical problems. You will never-ever see a keyboard on iPhone. iPhone OS will never be licensed to third party handset manufacturers. Carrier exclusivity still continues throughout the world. India and China has proven it long ago what can happen to mobile industry if handsets are not locked to a carrier. Watch out for the speed Nexus One can move now.

If Apple is to follow their regular  schedule, we can expect iPhone 4.0 in June/July timeframe. Unless 4.0 has some amazing new features, both in terms of software and hardware, it will be really hard for iPhone to compete with Android phones in general.

While Apple is smart enough to see whats happening in industry and for sure they have some secret plans to destroy the competition. Here are my two cents what Apple can do to destroy the competition completely.

1. Make iPhone available on all 4 carriers in US. (This is so obvious!)

2. Alternatively, sell the GSM version unlocked thru out the world. (Like Nokia does and now Google is doing.)

3. Exceed all the basic hardware specs and stay ahead of competition by at least an year. It may mean bigger screen with higher resolution, a front facing camera, faster processor, more memory, longer battery life.

4. Reduce the revision cycle for the hardware from 12 months to at least 9 months. Rest of the industry is moving very fast since they only concentrate on hardware part. Google takes care of the OS. Apple is making the whole banana themselves.

5. Allow multi-tasking for 3rd party apps. I know it doesn’t make much sense, but its something people are asking all the time and competitors are advertising against.

6. Lower the price. Its a hard pill to swallow for Apple as they like to enjoy the premium status. While this strategy is working for Macs, it will be difficult going forward to work for iPhone too.

Update 1: March 23rd 10. HTC introduces HTC EVO 4G. The best hardware specs on the market. iPhone 4G now have great competition. Apple faithfuls will wait and watch until iPhone 4G is introduced. If the 4G iPhone H/W & S/W specs are disappointing  a lot people will leave the iPhone.

Update 2: iPhone 4 has been launched and its hardware specs are super exciting. Retina display is just beautiful. Front facing camera with Facetime gonna rule. Apple’s A4 chip is fast enough to beat the competition. Multitasking is in, new hardware form factor is in. iPhone 4 will continue to rule another year.

Forget about netbooks or your laptops…these are too heavy and cumbersome to use. Forget about smart phones….their screens are just too tiny and they arent powerful enough. iPad is the thing going forward.

I havent used one yet, but I can imagine how intimate this device is going to be. I have started using iPhone for many of the tasks that I would normally do on my Mac. But iPhone’s screen is too small and it isnt powerful enough to do some heavy tasks. Going forward, once iPad comes in my hand, I will be using it for most of the tasks while sitting on my couch. The whole experience is going to be awesome. Sitting on a couch in a relaxed mode and doing some serious works is going to be exciting. I cant wait to see more productivity apps coming to iPad. With such a big screen, many of the desktop class apps will make it to the iPad.

I am sure with the release of iPhone OS 4.0 a iPad will be much more capable than what its today. Multi-tasking is not going to be a big issue provided iPad has 10 hours of battery life. The 4th generation iPhone will also have multi-tasking and a long battery life. I am sure that Apple is going to put their new silicon in 4th generation iPhone.

Netbooks and rest of the tablet market is simply gonna die. With 140K app in the App Store, there is no possibility that the competition would ever be able to catch up.

For Android is supported by Google and major handset manufacturers, 2010 will be a great year. I have already started seeing that effect for my app downloads in Android Market. Google’s push to sell handsets with new way is a welcome move. America needs that to carry mobile revolution forward. Being an Indian, the carrier lock-in model was quite annoying to me. It has its pros and cons. This model was hurting cell phone manufactures and consumers equally. Cell phone industry is so dynamic that every month we see exciting new devices coming to market and 2 year period was quite too long for consumers to wait to change their handsets.

Google’s AdMob acquisition and Apple’s Quattro Wireless acquisition is clear indicator that mobile is the next big thing in digital revolution. And all major players are damn serious about it. Google selling its own handset is a big thing in my opinion. It will be another big push for innovation. I also like what Palm is doing with WebOS. They stand out distinctively from the copy-cat crowd. Palm Pre will also be the first new smart phone to be available on all 3 major carriers in US. With their new PDK they have also proven that they are serious about gaming on their platform.

The book of Mirdad is one of the most beautiful books I have ever read. I will be posting some excerpts from the book that I really liked. Here is the first one.

IS IT LAWFUL TO KILL TO EAT?

Micayon: Is it not lawful, Master, to kill to eat?

MIRDAD: Tree of Life feed on Death is to become food for Death. To live by other’s pain is
to become a prey for pain. So has decreed the Omniwill. Know that and choose your course,
Micayon.

Micayon: If I had my choice, I would choose to live, like a phoenix, on the aroma of things,
not on their flesh.

MIRDAD: An excellent choice, indeed. Believe, Micayon that the day is coming in which
men shall live by the aroma of things, which is their spirit, and not by their flesh and blood.
And that day is not far off for the yearners.

For the yearners know that the life of flesh is but the bridge to the fleshless Life
And the yearners know that the course and inadequate senses are but the peepholes into the
world of the infinitely fine and adequate sense.
And the yearners know that every flesh they tear they must inevitably repair, soon or late, with
their own flesh; and every bone they crush they must rebuild with their own bone; and every
drop of blood they spill they must replenish with their own blood. For that is the law of flesh.
And the yearners would be free of bondage to this law. Therefore do they reduce their bodily
wants to the lowest minimum, reducing thereby their debt to the flesh which is , in truth, a debt
to Pain and Death.
The yearner is inhibited by his own will and yearning; while the non-yearner waits on others to
prohibit him. A multitude of things, which are, to the non-yearner, lawful, the yearner makes
unlawful for himself.
While the non-yearner grasps for more and yet more things to put in his pocket or belly, the
yearner walks his way without a pocket, and with a belly clean of any creature’s blood and
convulsions.
What the non-yearner gains – or thinks he gains – in bulk the yearner gains in lightness of spirit
and sweetness of understanding.
Of two men, looking at a green field on estimates its yield in bushels and calculates the price of
the bushels in silver and in gold. The other drinks the greenness of the field with his eye, and
kisses every blade with his though, and fraternizes in his soul with every rootlet and pebble, and
every clod of earth.
I say to you, the latter is the rightful owner of that field, although the other owns it in fee
simple.
Of the two men sitting in a house one is the owner , the other, but a guest. The owner
expatiates on the cost of building and maintenance, and on the values of draperies and tapestries
and other trappings and furnishings. While the guest blesses in his heart the hands that
quarried, dressed and built the stone; and the hands that wove the tapestries and the draperies;
and the hands that invaded the forest and turned it into windows and doors and into chairs and
tables. And he is exalted in spirit in exalting the Creative Hand on his back but dwelling not
therein.
Of the two men sharing with the calf the milk of that calf’s mother one eyes the calf with the
thought that his tender flesh would provide good meat for him and his friends to feast upon at
his approaching birthday. The other thinks of the calf as his brother of the teat and is filed
with affection for the young beast and his mother.
I say to you, the latter is truly nourished by that calf’s meat; while the first is poisoned thereby.
Aye, many things are put in the belly that should be put in the heart.
Many things are shut in the pocket and the larder that should be shut in the eye and the nose.
Many things are crushed with the teeth that should be crushed with the mind.
Very little does the body need to sustain it. The less you give it, the more it gives you in return.
The more you give it, the less it gives you in return.
Verily, things outside your larder and belly sustain you more than when in the larder and the
belly.
But since you are unable yet to live by the fragrance alone of things, take unafraid your need –
but no more than your need – of the generous heart of the Earth. For the Earth is so hospitable
and loving that her heart is every spread before her children.
How else can the Earth be, and where could she go outside of herself to feed herself? The Earth
must feed the Earth, and the Earth is not a miserly hostel, but her board is ever spread and full
for all.
In the same manner as the Earth invites you to her board, withholding nothing from your reach,
in that same manner must you invite the Earth to your board and say to her in utmost love and
sincerity:
‘O mother inexpressible! As you have laid your heart before me to take of it my need, so do I
lay my heart before you to take of it your need.’
If that be your guiding spirit in eating of the heart of the Earth, than little does it matter what
you eat.
But if that be , indeed, your guiding spirit, than should you have the wisdom and the love not to
bereave the Earth of any of her children, especially those which have come to feel the pleasure
of living and the pain of dying – those that have arrived at the segment of Duality. For they,
too, have their road to wend, slowly and laboriously, towards Unity. And their road is longer
than yours. Delay them in their march, and they shall delay you in your march.

Abimar: Since all living things are doomed to die, through one cause or another, why should
I have any scruples if I be the cause of any animal’s except it find him fit as an instrument for
killing.

MIRDAD: While it is true that all the living are condemned to die, yet woe to him who is the
cause of death of any living thing.
As you would not commission me to kill Naronda , knowing that I love him much and that no
blood lust is in my heart , likewise the Omniwill would commission no man to kill a fellowman,
or an animal , except it find him fit as an instrument for killing.
So long as men are what they are, so long shall there be thefts and robberies among them , and
lies and wars and murders and every kind of dark and evil passions.
But woe to the thief and the robber; and woe to the liar and the warlord, and to the murderer,
and every man who harbors dark and evil passions in his heart. For they, being full of woe, are
used by the Omniwill as messengers of woe.
But you, my Companions, must cleanse your hearts of every dark and evil passion that the
Omniwill may find you fit to carry to the suffering world the joyful message of relief from
suffering; the message of overcoming; the message of Freedom through Love and
Understanding.

So taught I Noah.

So I teach you.

Its been while we were working on this app. iPhone app has been a pretty good success and it was time for Android market. So here it is. UK Car Driving Theory Test is now available for android market.

If you have an Android phone with barcode scanner app, just point it on the following barcode and it will take you to the app link in Android market.

This means a lot to advertiser and publisher. Being an iPhone developer I will be watching this development closely.

Apple needs to be worried about this acquisition. Apple, so far has no data as far app usage on iPhone is concerned. Google will tremendously benefit from the stats they will gather and eventually use them to make strategic decisions about Android Platform. Since mobile is the future this acquisition makes Google a little more powerful.

Update: Its interesting news that Apple tried to buy AdMob. Of course they should have bought it, it makes a lot of sense for Apple to own AdMob. Nevertheless expect a new framework from Apple that will help developers to include ads in iPhone.

My previous app, Grammar Up was a super hit on app store. The free version has been downloaded over 100 thousand times where as the paid version has been downloaded around 20 thousand times. Grammar Up was based on TOEIC exam pattern and didn’t actually teach grammar rules, but tested knowledge of grammar and several kind of word choices. Many user complained that they expected there will be some teaching material in Grammar Up.

To address this complain I teamed with Ashok sir, who has been teaching English grammar for last 30+ years. At the age of sixty he still carries an enthusiasm of an youngster. He lives in small village in Maharashtra, India where power outage is a daily affair.  Fortunately, they have telephone line and thanks to BSNL, internet is also available now and internet opens door to a lot of possibilities. Here is one example.

With his help I will be publishing a series of iPhone apps that will touch upon each and every grammar topic. To start with, we just released our first app, Grammar Express: Tenses. Grammar Express: Tenses is a complete course in learning grammatical tenses. It has all the rules explained with several examples and followed by quiz with huge question bank.

Check it out on app store:

Windows is the Bug #1 in Ubuntu bug database. It might be same case in Apple bug database as well, but since its not public database we will never know it. After bashing windows for last 3 years, I seriously started to think if its a Bug or a Fix?

Windows 7 is officially out. I have been using its pre-release version for a quite a long time. Its better than Vista. But its still windows. After using Mac for last 3 years, every moment on windows PC is full of annoyance. But this post is not about telling how bad windows is, but about what this world would have been, if there was no windows. And how Windows-ecosytem is great in some ways.

Apple made the personal computing revolution with Apple II and then the Mac. Mac OS was always tied to its Apple hardware. It was for a good reason. Later when Steve Jobs left Apple, they seriously thought of licensing Mac OS to third party hardware manufacturers. But it never became a reality. Macs are great computers but they are too expensive. The cheapest Mac Mini is priced at $599. Add another $100 for a cheap monitor and $50 for Mouse and Keyboard. So the cheapest mac computer costs you $750. In same amount of money one can buy two Windows PCs.

Apple enjoys huge profit margins on its hardware where as PC manufacturers have tough times maintaining their profit margins because of the competition. The end result is that PCs see huge price decline every year. Apple faces no such competition, they maintain their monopolistic position in pricing their hardware.

So, If there was no Windows, I doubt if countries like India and China could have seen the same amount of computer literacy as they have it today. Its very easy to criticize the shortcomings of windows, but hard to appreciate what the Windows-ecosystem have made it possible for third world countries. Apple computers are way too expensive for these countries. Today, in India every middle class household has a PC or thinking of getting one. If there was no Windows, I doubt if India could have ever emerged as an IT-Superpower.

So far windows has worked a Fix. The world (90% it) runs on Windows. So its enough proof that windows works, and it works to fix a lot of world’s problems.

2. Grammar up gets a place in Apple’s “Highschool Survival Guide”

3. Grammar up gets featured in Brazil, China, Korea and Qatar

4. Grammar up is within top 10 educational apps in more than 20 countries.

5. Grammar Up and Idioms now available for Android Market.

Aayush, most of your comments and thoughts are coming out of anger rather than rationale. Dont forget that Apple is big company and when they make a decision about something they have a lot of data and reason to back it. I will contribute my insight about Apple, iPhone and India.

1. Visual Voice Mail: First of all, voice mail itself is not mainstream in India.
Indians prefer missed calls. Airtel and Vodafone know it.
And its the Airtel and Vodafone who needs to develop required software infrastructure at their end to support voice mail. And there is a lot of patented technology involved in there. Which means a lot of royalty money if they want to license it ‘out of the box’ and I dont believe they can develop it in-house. Please note, iPhone is wildly popular in US without MMS. And I cant believe no Visual Voice Mail could be a deal breaker for Indians.

2. Indian language support: Its sad that Apple is not actively supporting Indian languages, but its definitely not the reason iPhone not selling well. When using a phone, the English terms sound more familiar than the Hindi. I have tried using Marathi on my Nokia phone, and it was hard for me to understand the meaning of many Marathi terms used on phone. I strongly believe all those who know how to read English prefer English on their phones.

3. Bluetooth: Apple has now opened the bluetooth APIs and more innovative apps using bluetooth have already started coming to iPhone. But don’t expect Apple to make it easy to pirate songs. Again, I don’t think this limitation has stopped anybody from buying an iPhone.

4. Career Lock-In: This might sound like the most important reason, but its not. Vodafone and Airtel together have 55% market share in India. And thats huge enough for iPhone to be successful. And the contract conditions are not as harsh as US and other countries. As side note, Its lot easier for Apple to ship iPhones to Airtel and Vodafone. There are no middle men, so they can keep their high profit margins intact. But I agree, the lock-in thing might be a deal breaker for many. (but not too many who appreciate iPhone’s capabilities and user experience.)

5. Service and Support: There are few things here, which I am sure you are not aware of. Last time I was in Pune and my MacBook Pro had an issue. We have Apple Authorized Service center in Pune, but guess what, they would not provide me support for my MBP, because they are only authorized for iMacs. When asked why, he mentioned that, there are not many MBPs in Pune, if we want to support MBPs, then we will have to train a resource thru Apple’s B’lore center. And they cant really afford it. So I had to run Mumbai to get my MBP fixed. My guess is same thing is happening with iPhone support. Neither they have enough expertise to support your iPhone issues nor they are authorized to do that.

6. Retail Presence: Its simple decision from Apple’s perspective. They don’t see any value in investing in retail operations in India. There is not enough money.

7.Online Presence: Yes, you asked the right question, would it be worth it?

8. iTunes Store: First of all, Indians (and Chinese) don’t pay for songs, softwares or for that matter anything in digital format. Everyone knows it. Also Apple has very less control when it comes to pricing songs and other digital media sold on iTunes. And you must know that the reports say that iTunes music store is not hugely profitable. Its there just to boost iPod/iPhone sales.

9.Advertising: All the techies and rich kids who can really afford Apple products know about Apple. Advertising might help a bit, but again is it worth it? I don’t really know.
What You Don’t Need to Do : You are absolutely wrong here. Every Indian friend I asked why he is not taking an iPhone (even if he could afford one) answered that its very expensive. And the cost is the most important reason they are not buying an iPhone. One needs to understand, the internet experience in India is pathetic. And mobile internet is more pathetic. Once mobile internet becomes fast enough and people start enjoying all the miracles an iPhone can perform with a fast internet connection, the picture will change.

India is not a big market when it comes to Smart Phones. Which other Smart Phone costing Rs.20K+ is wildly popular in India? All the Blackberrys that you see are provided by their employers. iPhone is becoming the gold standard in smart phones. But there aren’t many customers in India who want to upgrade their smart phone experience to a higher level. In this perspective, whatever Apple may do to make iPhone a success in India, its not gonna work.

The development approach I took this time was also different than my previous apps. I spent quite a lot time understanding how Hazard Perception Test works and how to model it into an iPhone app. I spent few hundred pounds buying original HPT videos from DSA and studied them.

After that I created several sketches to visualize how the app works. Meantime I was also doing several POCs to check if the particular feature is achievable using iPhone SDK. Later photoshop mockups were created to get the exact look and feel of the app.

Fortunately I ran into iPhonedevcamp and got a chance to demonstrate the prototype of the app I exclusively created for iPhonedevcamp. After I was satisfied with all the elements of the app I started actual coding. This was a great lesson re-learned that if all the aspects of the app are in place its a lot easier to code.

Here is the official iTunes description of the app.

The Hazard Perception Test comes to iPhone (and iPod touch).

Practice your hazard perception test with the video clips produced by Driving Standards Agency.

For video demo please follow this link.

http://uktheorytest.com/HPT

We have included total 9 clips in the app which are -

1. Introduction to Hazard Perception Test
2. Watch for the pedestrian crossing the road.
3. Watch for the cyclist emerging from junction.
4. Watch for the pedestrian crossing the road, running for the bus on the right hand side.
5. Act promptly when a policeman or lollipop man or traffic warden stops you.
6. Watch for the kid riding the bicycle crossing the road.
7. Watch out for the vehicle emerging from junction.
8. Watch for the pedestrians crossing the road.
9. Watch for the vehicle emerging from the right.

The app has been designed carefully to replicate the same experience you will have in the real test. When in test mode, tap on the screen when you identify the hazard. The sooner you identify the hazard the more marks you get. The maximum marks being five and minimum would be zero.

The app also shows you the best and the worst score for each clip. Of course, you can reset the scores from settings screen.

If you want to know whats going to happen in the clip, you can turn on the “Clue” from settings screen and the clue will be shown right below the description of the clip.

Copyright Info:
• Crown copyright material reproduced under licence from the Driving Standards Agency and the controller of HMSO which does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the reproduction.

Buy Part 1 Here

Buy Part 2 Here

Developing for iPhone is really a great challenge for a programmer coming from Java background or any other programmer coming from non-Mac platform. iPhone applications need an excellent user interface to make its mark. When I say user interface it consists many things. First and most important is the ease of use. If user cant discover how to you use your app intuitively, you user interface design is a failure.

Second important aspect in UI is the graphics. The simpler the better, but to have a compelling graphics makes an iPhone app a winner. Users are now used to expect nice and rich graphics. The icons, the colors, the pictures and rest of the elements need to be sharp and vibrant. iPhone users’ eyes are now very well trained to distinguish between an app with lame graphics and rich graphics.

Third part is the sounds. Most apps are dumb. But those apps make their mark which use nice sound effect where it makes sense. Choosing appropriate sounds is a one the biggest challenge that I am facing. Its also true that not everyone likes sound effects, so having an option to turn off the sounds is always good.

Fourth is animation. I have wrote about it one of my previous blog. Life is animated and so must be iPhone apps. Those cool animations are what make iPhone user experience the best in its class. Its a great subject of study to when and how and what kind of animations need to be included in an iPhone app. Apple seems to have mastered this art.

If one has mastered all these aspects one has already become an artist!

Battery Meter’s UI is very polished and pleasant. Its much superior than myBatteryLife, iBattery pro, battery level, battery life and all other battery apps.

Here is iTunes Description for the app.

Do you want to know how much talk time, audio playback, video playback or internet surfing time you have left on your iPhone or iPod touch? Battery Meter just tells you that.
 Battery Meter displays the current percentage of battery life left on your device.

It also automatically detects if its iPhone or iPod touch and shows the data accordingly.
 Tells you time remaining for following activities.

Talk Time on 3G
Talk Time on 2G
Internet on Wi-Fi
Internet on 3G
Audio Playback
Video Playback
Standby time

1. Apple rejects Google Voice app.

2. Eric Schmidt  leaves Apple.

3. iPod battery explosion.

And many such events make it big news on several blogs and crazy readers fill those blogs with endless comments and debates.

Where is it all going? Apple, a corporation, is soulless entity. People are crazy about Apple and Apple products. If Apple sneezes all fanboys catch cold. And there are Apple haters. Anything goes wrong with Apple, they rejoice. Lovers or haters, they take everything personally. On the other hand, Apple Inc. show extreme professionalism in everything they do. They don’t care about who loves them or hates them. For them its all business.

Bottom-line, its high time if you are still in love-hate relationship with a corporation. Corporations are not persons. They are like robots and their only aim is to make money!

The official theory test for Approved Driving Instructor (ADI or PDI) comes to iPhone (and iPod Touch) !

Prepare your theory test for ADI with latest and official DSA question bank which has over 920 questions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARE BY BANDS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
All questions are sorted by bands. It also tells you the areas that each band covers.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MOCK TEST MODE:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mock test simulates the real test format. Questions are presented randomly from all the bands.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DETAILED TEST RESULTS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A summary of the practice test is presented at the end of each test. It shows you the time you took, the score, which questions you answered correctly and where you were wrong, explanation for all questions. And yes, you can E-MAIL the results.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
READ THE HIGHWAY CODE E-BOOK:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You can also read the HIGHWAY CODE in landscape and portrait mode. You can jump to any chapter and then browse through the e-book easily. Zoom in and zoom out for better readability.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PROGRESS METER:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The app records your progress as you start giving practice tests.
It shows you a beautifully animated bar chart so that you can track your weak areas and retry the questions you answered incorrectly.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
VERY EASY TO USE:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The slick user interface allows you to choose from possible answers.
You don’t need to press too many buttons or encounter any alert messages.
The app is very interactive and needs minimum user input. Innovative use of iPhone’s small screen real estate.
Shake your iPhone/iPod to skip a question.

~~~~~~~~~~~
FEATURE LIST:
~~~~~~~~~~~
• Over 920 multiple-choice questions.
• Choose number of questions you would like in each test.
• Shows test results in HTML format with explanation for each question.
• E-mail yourself the test results and track your progress.
• A new module, “Progress Meter” keeps track of how you are performing in a particular topic, and retry the questions you answered incorrectly.
• Choose your own timer settings.
• Shake your iPhone/iPod to skip a question. (You can turn this off if desired.)
• Cool sound effects. (You can turn them off if desired.)
• Choose your own zoom factor for your question graphics.
• Read the Highway Code in landscape as well as portrait mode.
• Special algorithm that randomizes questions every time you take a test.
• Mock test has exactly similar format as in real test.

Copyright Info:
• Crown copyright material reproduced under licence from the Driving Standards Agency and the controller of HMSO which does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the reproduction.

• The questions are valid for theory tests taken after September 2008